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CHANGE focused on sustainable solutions to key behavior-related challenges in the areas of maternal health, child health and nutrition, HIV/AIDS and infectious disease. Because peoples' choices can be limited by the context in which they act, CHANGE worked not only at the individual, community, institutional and policy levels. The CHANGE approach always begins with careful examination of the situation and consideration of the point-of-view of the people whose practices are at issue.

Examples of problems that CHANGE focused on include "deadly delay" in seeking treatment for sick children or women with complications of childbirth, poor health worker performance, stigmatization of people who have HIV/AIDS and inappropriate and inadequate use of medicines and preventive and curative health services. However, the CHANGE approach focused on assets as well as deficits. We have emphasized community-health system collaboration and increasing participation of populations in preventive and positive behaviors. In addition, CHANGE advocated comprehensive approaches and building self-regulatory systems that rely on feedback-- both positive and negative--to sustain practices.


Sample Tools and Approaches used by the CHANGE Project include:

BEHAVE Framework
Counseling as negotiation
Cultural Resources Inventory
Diagnostic Role Play
Doer/Non-doer Comparisons

FIRST Households (Hearth Model)
Positive Deviance
Trials of Improved Practices (TIPs)

 

Challenges

 
CHANGE looked at a range of health behavior challenges associated with improving maternal health, child health and nutrition. The project identified four common, cross-cutting problems and five underlying theoretical issues.
 
Common, Cross-Cutting Problems
 
  • Problems Resulting From "Deadly Delay".
    Why do family members sometimes delay seeking treatment until the consequences have become deadly? CHANGE looked at why people act when they do - what are their cues for high risk, or severity of a condition, for example? What other factors motivate people to act?
  • Problems Related to Obtaining and Taking Medicine.
    Where do people prefer to get medicines, and how do they decide how much to take and for how long? What factors influence adherence (and lack of adherence) to drug protocols?
  • Problems Associated with Health Worker Performance.
    Health workers not only deliver care, they also effect whether clients are willing to use the health system, and whether they adopt practices the system promotes. What are the critical elements of effective health worker/client interaction? What are the elements of effective training? How do we motivate health workers who are unpaid and overworked?
  • Problems Related to Household Habits.
    Good health for women, children and infants begins in the home. Many healthy practices do not even strike people as "disease-related."
Underlying Theoretical Issues
 
There are a number of challenging theoretical issues concerning health behavior change:
 
  • Increased knowledge in a population or group does not necessarily lead people to change behaviors. However, many behavior change programs focus primarily on trying to improve knowledge. What other factors stimulate behavior change?
  • Many behavior-change approaches (primarily developed in the West) focus on understanding the individual and on changing behaviors at the individual level. However, in many cultures, behavior change may best be looked at as a function of what groups or communities do. How can we identify crucial factors for particular audiences and behaviors? What approaches can we take to influence community, institutional, and political factors to bring about changes in health practices.
  • It is crucial for non-experts to be able to monitor and evaluate behavior change. How do we know what approaches are working? What methods can we develop? How can participatory techniques be used in evaluation?
  • Trial or short-term adoption of health practices is not enough. How can positive changes in behavior be maintained over time, particularly after any international funding ends?
  • Many behavior change approaches have been successful at the pilot level. What are the key factors in scaling up promising pilot efforts?
     
 
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